A new constitution in 1872 proclaimed representative government, suffrage for all males, and direct election of the president. Opinions on the character of the independence process are not unanimous. The president and vice-president would be elected by indirect vote, but for purposes of beginning, the congress elected them as follows: President of the Republic: Simn Bolvar and Vice President: Bolvar is given the title of "Libertador" and his portrait will be exhibited in the congressional session hall with the motto "Bolvar, Libertador of the Great Colombia and father of the Homeland". When Boves realized that his column had been enveloped, he left his center precipitously and perished in the clash. This Treaty was signed for six months and obliged both armies to remain in the positions they occupied at the time of its signing. The army of the east, led by Jos Francisco Bermdez made a distraction maneuver advancing on Caracas, La Guaira and the Valles de Aragua that forced La Torre to send about 1000 men against him to recover the positions and secure his rear. General Pez recognized Bolvar's authority and on February 12, 1818, with the Toma de las Flecheras where the llanero lancers crossed the Apure River and jumped into the river on their horses swimming before the confused sight of the royalists and took the Spanish boats. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006. Upon arriving at the site of El Areo, Ribas proceeded to the formation of 2 cavalry columns of 180 men, which received the names of Rompelneas, with Monagas and Zaraza as commanders. Colonel Florencio Jimnez, commander of the Caracas, was designated as the commander of the Batalln sin nombre ("Battalion without a name.") In this research paper, I will attempt to connect the . For that reason, the Junta called for elections to install a Constituent Congress before which it could decline its powers and decide the future fate of the states. In 1806 he was able to scrape together a small mercenary force in the USA and Caribbean and launched an invasion of Venezuela. In September 1815, Arismendi is ordered to be arrested, he escapes and hides with one of his sons in the Montaas de Copey. April 19 is known as "Firma Acta de la Independencia" or "Signing of the Act of Independence." Once the Apure campaign ended with Morillo's retreat to Calabozo, Bolvar began the Campaign for the Liberation of New Granada and Pez was assigned the functions of security and strategic reserve, to watch Morillo's movements and to cut off a possible attack by Morillo on Bolvar's forces in conjunction with the army of the east. On July 5, 1811, the independence declaration is signed. The Battle of Las Queseras del Medio was an important military action carried out on April 2,[note 1] falling on his pursuers and destroying the royalist cavalry fleeing back to their camp. This intervention of Bolivar allowed the break of the enemy front, action that produced great confusion inside the defensive position, with the consequent triumph of the republicans. Unable to return to Venezuela, Luisa arrives in Cadiz. To further humiliation, the battalion received spears instead of rifles as combat weapons. Two days later, the matter was resolved when Congress voted to officially declare independence 40-4. Hours later the soldiers took her out of her prison to walk her on the esplanade of the barracks, where the prisoners had been shot. The impossibility of establishing a permanent army. As expressed by the Libertador, it was created as a response to several crimes and massacres carried out by Spanish soldiers after the fall of the First Republic, against thousands of republicans. After New Granada was liberated and the Republic of Colombia was created, Bolvar signs with the Spanish general Pablo Morillo, on 26 November 1820, an Armistice,[19] as well as a Treaty of Regularization of the War. This first successful rebellion in Venezuelas national history set off five years of revolutionary turmoil between the Liberals and Conservatives. The Libertador did not forget that the first and second Republics had collapsed because the revolution had been oriented exclusively to the elimination of personal privileges or privileges of a feudal nature, and to the proscription of noble titles for the exclusive benefit of the rich Venezuelan or neo-Granadian landowners; without taking into account at all the mass of slaves or poor peasants who constituted the bulk of the pro-independence army. A sentry watches even her slightest movements, and she is forced to eat the ranch that they give her as her only food. As the sessions of the Congress went on, the idea of independence gained followers in the heart of the Congress. The Guayana Campaign of 1816 -1817, was the second campaign carried out by the Venezuelan patriots in the Venezuelan War of Independence in the Guayana region after the 1811 -1812 campaignwhich had ended in disaster. One day the chaplain of the fortress, returning from his duties, passes by her door and stares at that woman in an attitude of defeat, of humiliation. In 1830, New Granada, Venezuela and Quito separated. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/independence-from-spain-in-venezuela-2136397. Knowing of his intentions, Bolvar requested his incorporation to the New Granada army and logistical support to later initiate the military operations of what is known in history as the Admirable Campaign. The Congress declared Venezuela's independence on 5 July 1811, establishing the Republic of Venezuela. The war continues with two parallel campaigns, unconnected but effective, one from the East, commanded by general Santiago Mario, known as the Eastern Campaign, and another from the West, commanded by Bolvar, known as Admirable Campaign. In early 1819, Bolvar was cornered in western Venezuela with his army. Luisa Cceres de Arismendi trembles at the idea that she is also going to be sacrificed, but she was wrong: the purpose of her executioners was for her to walk over the corpses of the shot patriots, to walk over those lifeless bodies that had had the audacity to want to free her. At this moment, Ribas ordered the Rompelneas columns to attack the enemy right column, which was successfully executed. Still, the nation was in ruins and there was a military stalemate between the patriots and royalists. Venezuela was under the control of the patriots in the middle of 1813, except for the provinces of Guayana and Maracaibo. In 1857 the Monagas brothers attempted to impose a new constitution extending the presidential term from four to six years and removing all restrictions on reelection. In the first six months of 1813, the resistance of the royalists collapses. On July 14, in a public and solemn act, this flag was hoisted for the first time. On 5 December, the Republicans pawned the action and were immediately flanked and cut off by a cavalry column; the small attacking force was virtually destroyed. He was president of Gran Colombia (1819-30) and dictator of Peru (1823-26). On July 2, 1811, a motion on independence was presented in Congress. General Guzmn Blanco rallied the Liberals to his cause, overthrew the Conservatives, and assumed power in 1870. On December 17 of that year, Bolivar died. [7] Juan Escalona, who presided over the first independence triumvirate, issued a proclamation to the inhabitants of Caracas letting them know that the Congress had voted for absolute independence. After several confrontations, Piar passed to the province of Guayana, where general Manuel Cedeo operated and united his forces, they advanced against the city of Angostura whose defense was held by brigadier Miguel de la Torre. As of February 1814, a series of encounters between patriots and royalists took place in an area from Lago de Valencia to San Mateo in what is known as the Valles de Aragua. The independence of Venezuela was the juridical-political process with the purpose of breaking the ties that existed between the Captaincy General of Venezuela and the Spanish Empire. The park was not captured by that column because it was prevented by its custodian, Captain Antonio Ricaurte, who upon seeing royalist troops in a position to capture that deposit set fire to the gunpowder and blew it up on March 25, 1814, with which he and those who were inside the enclosure perished. The decade or so that followed was extremely bloody, with unspeakable atrocities on both sides and several important battles, but in the end, the patriots prevailed, finally securing Venezuelan independence in 1821. The Conjuracin de los Mantuanos was a movement that broke out in Caracas in 1808. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/independence-from-spain-in-venezuela-2136397. That same year, Bolvar lost control of Puerto Cabello and Francisco de Miranda capitulated in San Mateo before the royalist chief Domingo Monteverde, signing an agreement that consisted in the surrender of weapons by the patriots. Cuman is liberated on August 3, 1813, by Mario; Bolvar enters Caracas on August 6. The incorporation of the Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda and the young Simn Bolvar, gave the society a revolutionary character. Captain General Pablo Morillo receives instructions from Spain on June 6, 1820, to arbitrate with Simn Bolvar a cessation of hostilities. In January of 1809, a representative of the Joseph Bonaparte government arrived in Caracas and demanded that taxes continue to be paid and that the colony recognize Joseph as their monarch. Bolvar established his headquarters in the city and from there planned an offensive on Caracas that would be executed after a concentration of troops coming from the regions occupied by the patriots: Apure, Guayana and Cuman. On July 5, 1811, the independence declaration is signed. Alarmed Spanish officers in Venezuela called for a cease-fire, which was agreed to and lasted until April of 1821. Even before the Congress began its sessions in November 1810, a civil war started between those who supported the juntas, and eventually independence, and royalists who wanted to maintain the union with Spain. The Mantuanos, who did not tolerate the patriots, appointed the Marquis del Toro as commander to confront the Valencian uprising, but on July 15 he was defeated. Deeply annoyed, the Libertador ordered to merge the remains of the battalions "Aragua", "Caracas" and "Agricultores" that had participated in the battle, into a single battalion that would not be named. The Capital of Venezuela would be Caracas. Backed by their personal armies, a series of warlordlike caudillos (leaders) assumed power, which they exercised for their personal benefit rather than for that of the nation. Although elected president as a Conservative in 1846, he soon gravitated toward the Liberals. On April 17, 1810, however, news reached Caracas that the government loyal to Ferdinand had been crushed by Napoleon. Once the first Republic was over, the main political and military leaders of the Independence went into exile. In the early hours of June 24, from the heights of Buenavista hill, Bolivar made a reconnaissance of the royalist position and concluded that it was impregnable from the front and from the south. Guzmn Blanco came back again in 1886 to serve a final two years in the face of growing popular opposition to his policies. ThoughtCo. [4], Guayana spoke out on May 11 in favor of the Supreme Junta, but upon learning on June 3 of the installation in Spain of the Supreme Central and Governing Junta of Spain and the Indies, it recognized the latter as the legitimate authority and distanced itself from the Caracas revolution. Bolvar executed a "diversion" along the coast of Pritu with the purpose of diverting the attention of the royalists towards Caracas while the planned concentration was being developed, but the defeat suffered in Clarines on January 9, 1817, leaves this diversion without effect, for which Bolvar returns to Barcelona. Thus, between 1815 and 1817, several distinguished citizens of New Granada were killed at the hands of the Spanish, and in February 1814, several Spanish prisoners were executed in Caracas and La Guaira on Bolvar's orders. The cause of Civil War break out in 1826 was because of the election of Abraham Lincoln and slave and non slave states.The effects were seen on the economy and assassination of the president. From there, and with the support of those countries, especially Haiti, they resumed the struggle. Bolvar decided to send on September 30 the troops of Girardot, Urdaneta and D'Elhuyar, who finally managed to dislodge the royalists, but paying a high price, with the sacrifice of Colonel Girardot, who died when he was hit by a rifle bullet while trying to fix the national flag on the conquered height, during the Battle of Brbula. The Spanish harassment began throughout the territory of the republic, for some months he and his family live in the outskirts of La Asuncin under the espionage and the pressure that the Spanish authorities maintained on the sympathizers of the patriot cause in the island. With Jos Antonio Pez and in Guayana with Manuel Piar. Even those Creoles who supported Spain in the New World were appalled. Guzmn Blancos triumphal entry into Caracas in April 1870 halted the political chaos and economic stagnation that had plagued the nation since 1858. [20] The Treaty of Armistice was: "Whereby war shall henceforth be waged between Spain and Colombia as it is waged by civilized peoples.". He was not powerful enough to knock out the Spanish armies, but they were not strong enough to defeat him, either. A Congress was called in early 1811 to solve the bitter fighting among Venezuelans. The pro-independence army advanced from San Carlos to Tinaco covered by the advance of Colonel Jos Laurencio Silva, who took the royalist positions in Tinaquillo. Led by visionary radicals such as Simn Bolvar and Francisco de Miranda, Venezuela was the first of the South American Republics to formally break away from Spain.
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